The dark side of data

How data garbage hurts business and the environment

Milon Gupta
Eurescom

Everyone is talking about big data. There is indeed a large potential for extracting economic and societal value out of huge amounts of data. By feeding algorithms with data, machine learning could provide solutions to almost everything. So much about the bright side. However, in the shadows of the big data vision lurks a less pleasant reality: huge piles of data garbage, gazillions of data files lingering unused on servers around the world – dark data.

According to the “Databerg Report” published by information solution provider Veritas in 2015, organisations in Europe, the Middle East and Africa hold on average 14% of identifiable business critical data, 32% ROT (redundant, obsolete and trivial) data, and 54% dark data.

According to market research firm Gartner, dark data is defined as “the information assets organizations collect, process and store during regular business activities, but generally fail to use for other purposes.” These other, more productive purposes could be, for example, analytics, business relationships and direct monetisation.

How dark data is produced

The critical question is, how dark data comes into existence in the first place. There are various causes and reasons. One of the underlying enablers of dark data is that data storage is seemingly cheap and abundant. Thus, all data that could possibly be useful is stored, whether they are actually used or not. And once data is stored, there is usually nobody who cares about checking and reducing data amounts.

On the production side, there are many contributors. Organisations often retain dark data for compliance purposes only. That is ironic, as in some cases storing data could cause bigger compliance risk than benefits, just think of private data and the risks of violating data privacy regulations.

While in the past, dark data was mainly produced by humans, nowadays the biggest share of dark data is produced by machines, including information gathered by sensors and telematics. According to an estimate by IBM from 2015, roughly 90 % of data generated by sensors and analogue-to-digital conversions never get used. It is doubtful, whether this has improved in the last six years. I wouldn’t be surprised, if it is even worse now.

Some organisations seem to believe that dark data could be useful to them in the future, once they have acquired better analytic and business intelligence technology to process the information. While this is theoretically possible, in practice I find it hard to believe that a lot of value will be generated in ten years from analysing dark data generated by humans and mostly machines today. Even if a small amount of today’s dark data could be pure gold in ten years’ time, the question is, whether it would be worth the problems dark data already creates today.

Why dark data is a problem

Given that cloud storage is cheap, the question is, why dark data should be a problem at all. The answer is in the huge scale of dark data. Once the amount of dark data exceeds a certain level, storage cost is no longer cheap. The “Databerg Report” from 2015 predicted that dark data could cause 891 billion dollars of avoidable storage and management costs by 2020, if left unchecked. I have not seen any recent study on the amount and cost of dark data. However, I have a strong suspicion that the real cost might be even higher today.

As storing huge amounts of data consumes a lot of energy and material for the data centre infrastructure, there is not just a financial cost, but also an environmental cost in the shape of carbon-dioxide emissions.

One of the reasons why the problem persists and might actually grow over the coming years is that most companies probably have no idea about the volume and cost of dark data.

What can be done about dark data

In my view an important part of the solution can be derived from a famous quote by Lord Kelvin: “If you can not measure it, you can not improve it.” Applying these words of wisdom to dark data, you could say: if you can measure dark data, you can remove it. Even if removing dark data is not always the preferred solution, for example because of compliance needs or expected value to be derived in the future, it would be a good start to be aware of the scope of the problem and to know, which data on an organisation’s server is dark. Maybe the machines that increasingly generate dark data could also help to remedy the problem through the use of machine learning in weeding out useless data.


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Over 580 million 5G mobile subscriptions by the end of 2021


© AdobeStock

5G mobile subscriptions will exceed 580 million by the end of 2021, according to a projection by Ericsson. This trend is driven by an estimated one million new 5G mobile subscriptions every day.

The forecast from the latest edition of the Ericsson Mobility Report supports the expectation that 5G will become the fastest adopted mobile generation. About 3.5 billion 5G subscriptions and 60 percent 5G population coverage are forecast by the end of 2026.

However, the pace of adoption varies widely by region. Europe is off to a slower start and has continued to fall far behind China, the U.S., Korea, Japan and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) markets in the pace of 5G deployments.

5G is expected to surpass a billion subscriptions two years ahead of the 4G LTE timeline for the same milestone. Key factors behind that include China’s earlier commitment to 5G and the earlier availability and increasing affordability of commercial 5G devices. More than 300 5G smartphone models have already been announced or launched commercially.

This commercial 5G momentum is expected to continue in coming years, spurred by the enhanced role of connectivity as a key component of post-COVID-19 economic recovery.

North East Asia is expected to account for the largest share of 5G subscriptions by 2026, with an estimated 1.4 billion 5G subscriptions. While North American and GCC markets are expected to account for the highest 5G subscription penetration, with 5G mobile subscriptions comprising 84 percent and 73 percent of all regional mobile subscriptions respectively.

Data traffic continues to grow year on year. Global mobile data traffic – excluding traffic generated by fixed wireless access (FWA) – exceeded 49 exabyte (EB) per month at the end of 2020 and is projected to grow by a factor of close to 5 to reach 237 EB per month in 2026. One exabyte (EB) comprises one billion gigabytes (GB). Smartphones, which currently carry 95 percent of this traffic, are also consuming more data than ever. Globally, the average usage-per-smartphone now exceeds 10 GB/month and is forecast to reach 35 GB/month by the end of 2026.

The COVID-19 pandemic is accelerating digitalization and increasing the importance of – and the need for – reliable, high-speed mobile broadband connectivity. According to the latest report, almost nine out of ten communications service providers (CSPs) that have launched 5G also have a fixed wireless access (FWA) offering (4G and/or 5G), even in markets with high fiber penetration. This is needed to accommodate increasing FWA traffic, which the report forecasts to grow by a factor of seven to reach 64 EB in 2026.

Massive IoT technology (NB-IoT and Cat-M) connections are forecast to increase by almost 80 percent during 2021, reaching almost 330 million connections. In 2026, these technologies are forecast to comprise 46 percent of all cellular IoT connections.

Further information
Reference website: https://www.ericsson.com/en/press-releases/2021/6/ericsson-mobility-­report-more-than-half-a-billion-5g-subscriptions-by-the-end-of-2021

European Green Digital Coalition established


© AdobeStock

On 19 March 2021, 26 CEOs of companies, including 13 European telecom CEOs, signed a declaration to support the Green and Digital Transformation of the EU. They formed the European Green Digital Coalition, committing on behalf of their companies to take action in the following areas:

• To invest in the development and deployment of greener digital technologies & services that are more energy and material efficient,

• Develop methods and tools to measure the net impact of green digital technologies on the environment and climate by joining forces with NGOs and relevant expert organisations, and

• Co-create with representatives of others sectors recommendations and guidelines for green digital transformation of these sectors that benefits environment, society and economy.

The European Green Digital Coalition will help not only the tech sector to become more sustainable, circular and a zero polluter, but also to support sustainability goals of other priority sectors such as energy, transport, agriculture, and construction while contributing to an innovative, inclusive and resilient society. Its members will work closely with the European Commission and others to deliver on their commitments and will report regularly on progress made. In 2022, the first available results and progress reports will be presented. 45 SMEs and startups support the European Green Digital Coalition, and many will take the sustainability commitments to join in the near future.

Further information
EC news release: https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/companies-take-action-support-green-and-digital-transformation-eu
Joint Statement by ETNO and the GSMA: https://www.etno.eu/news/all-news/8-news/
702-telcos-egdc.html

Accountability and Liability for 5G and Beyond

INSPIRE-5Gplus workshop

Milon Gupta
Eurescom

On 16th June 2021, the INSPIRE-5Gplus project held a full-day online workshop on accountability and liability for 5G and beyond. It brought together more than 30 researchers and practitioners from several domains, including actuaries, lawyers, and researchers in networking and multi-agent systems. They presented challenges and approaches for liability management in multi-party 5G ecosystems and digital services, with a forward-looking perspective on Beyond 5G systems.

The main purpose of the workshop was to share, compare and disseminate best practices, approaches, tools and methodologies for identifying, formulating, and managing liability in 5G systems. The workshop addressed crucial topics such as formalization of commitments and obligations, contractualization, monitoring & supervision, evidence collection & analysis at runtime, as well as post-mortem evidence collection & forensics for identifying liabilities in case of disasters, security incidents, or regulation violations.

The workshop moderated by Gürkan Gür from Zurich University of Applied Sciences started in the morning with presentations by INSPIRE-5G­plus partners, covering topics from the Manufacturer Usage Description (MUD) standard and Liability-Aware Security Management (LASM) to Root Cause Analysis (RCA).

This was followed by presentations covering a variety of multi-disciplinary aspects. Sylvie Jonas from AGIL’IT Law explained how liability management based on contracts works in a 5G environment. Carmen Fernandez Gago from University of Málaga talked about accountability in the cloud. And Samia Bouzefrane from the National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts (Cnam), France presented a trust-based recommendation system.

In the afternoon session, Jacques Kruse-Brandao from SGS presented challenges, approaches and concepts for 5G device security certification. Arthur Van Der Wees from Arthur’s Legal talked about trustworthy and accountable digital ecosystems. And Claire Loiseaux from Internet of Trust presented responsibilities and certification in cybersecurity space.

A round-table discussion with the speakers, moderated by Gürkan Gür, concluded the workshop. The panel discussed questions like: What is the major challenge for multi-party liability management? Who has to manage liability between parties? And what would be nice to have for multi-party liability management? While the speakers provided knowledgeable answers to these questions, many aspects of liability management require still plenty of research and multi-disciplinary discussion. In view of the growing economic and societal importance of 5G applications and services, finding technical, regulatory, and legal solutions for the topics highlighted at the workshop will be of high importance for the success of 5G and 6G.

Further information
Workshop page – https://www.5g-eve.eu/event/final-5g-eve-webinar-validation-platform-achievements-and-multi-site-use-case-deployment/

On the Road to 6G

Joint EuCNC & 6G Summit

Milon Gupta
Eurescom

The theme of the 2021 Joint EuCNC & 6G Summit from 8th to 11th June 2021 was “On the Road to 6G”. The event, which was originally planned to take place in Porto, Portugal, was held in virtual format, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It included the conference as well as the exhibition.

The conference focused on a wide array of telecommunications aspects ranging from 5G deployment and mobile IoT to 6G exploration and future communications systems and networks, including experimentation and testbeds, and applications and services. The dominant topic in many sessions was 6G respectively Beyond 5G. However, many topics discussed were relevant for both 5G and 6G. This included particularly security.


Joint EuCNC & 6G Summit website

Workshop on Automated and Intelligent Security

On the first day of the event (8th June), the FAST workshop ‘From 5G to 6G Automated and Intelligent SecuriTy’, which was co-organised by 5G PPP project INSPIRE-5Gplus, addressed important cybersecurity risks.

Experts from a number of EC projects and a keynote speaker from IEEE explored innovative concepts for security management of 5G networks and beyond from a holistic high-level architecture perspective. Crucial topics discussed at the workshop for reaching a fully-automated and secured 5G infrastructure included the adoption of a set of emerging trends and technologies, namely, Zero-touch network and Service Management (ZSM), Software-Defined Security (SDSec)models, Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning (AI/ML) techniques, Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLT), Zero Trust models, and Trusted Execution Environments (TEE).

The workshop was opened by Pascal Bisson from Thales and Antonio Skarmeta from University of Murcia. It was organized around a set of key thematic areas structured in four sessions, with the participation of 13 5G projects and a prominent keynote speaker.

Session 1 was dedicated to ‘Security and Trust Architecture for Beyond 5G Networks’ and included presentations on related aspects, from the definition of a security management closed-loop to security and trust mechanisms and outlier detection for 5G security.

Session 2 explored ‘Automated and Intelligent (smart) Security network management’. The ­presentations covered topics like ‘ZSM Security Orchestration for Multi-Tenant 5G Networks’,
‘On-demand deployment of security services’, ‘Hardening Interdomain Vertical Services with Moving Target Defense’, and ‘Security Challenges on 5G CCAM Scenarios’.

In the keynote following this session, Ashutosh Dutta, IEEE Communications Society Distinguished Lecturer & Co-Chair for IEEE Future Initiative, presented key points to be considered for secure adoption and usage of 5G.


Ashutosh Dutta, IEEE Communications Society Distinguished Lecturer & Co-Chair for IEEE Future Initiative

Session 3 discussed ‘Security Beyond 5G Networks and Services’. It included presentations on ‘Trustworthy Networking Beyond 5G’and ‘Cloud-Scale SDN Network Security in TeraFlow’.

Session 4 finally explored ‘Security Enablers for Beyond 5G Networks and Services’. The presentations covered topics ranging from ‘Machine Learning Applied to 5G Network Cyber Range’, ‘Security and Trust in NetApp Deployment and Operation’, ‘5G Embedded Trust, and ‘Practical Autonomous Cyberhealth for Resilient Micro/Small/Medium-Sized Enterprises’.

The FAST workshop gave an excellent overview on the status of research on automated and intelligent security in 5G and highlighted the challenges on the road towards 6G.


Online presentation at the FAST workshop ‘From 5G to 6G Automated and Intelligent SecuriTy’

Smart Networks and Services JU

In a workshop on the final day of the event (11th June 2021), the objectives and structure of the new European Joint Undertaking (JU) on Smart Networks and Services (SNS) were presented. The envisaged budget volume of the SNS JU is 900 million euro, according to a statement published on the 5G-IA website.

The goal of the SNS JU partnership will be to define and implement the research, innovation and deployment roadmaps that will enable Europe to take a leading role in the creation of the next generation of smart network technologies and services, also known as 6G.

The SNS JU partnership will focus on facilitating the full digitization of European society including vertical industries and public administration services. The 6G SNS solutions will be designed and implemented in such a way that European values like security and privacy are safeguarded, and that European technological sovereignty is further strengthened. The SNS Partnership targets to have a perceptible positive impact on the quality of life of European citizens and a noticeable boost in the European data economy by 2030.

Further information

Joint EuCNC & 6G Summit website – https://www.eucnc.eu

FAST workshop page – https://www.eucnc.eu/workshops/workshop-8/

SNS Partnership – https://5g-ia.eu/sns-horizon-europe

Demonstration of 5G end-to-end validation platform

Final 5G EVE webinar

Milon Gupta
Eurescom

In the final 5G EVE webinar on 26th May 2021, the project consortium presented the major achievements in the development and use of the 5G EVE validation platform to an audience of 60 participants. As a highlight, the 5G EVE team demonstrated live the multi-site capabilities of the platform.

In addition, experts from the consortium presented new platform features like, for example, performance diagnostics, and demonstrated the 5G EVE gaming use case as an illustration of the multi-site capabilities of the 5G EVE platform.

In a short training session in the last part of the webinar, experts from the four 5G EVE sites shared practical knowledge on platform usage, which will be useful for the utilization of the platform beyond the duration of the project.

The webinar was particularly aimed at current and future 5G EVE platform users from 5G PPP use case projects and innovative SMEs, who would like to test and validate their 5G solutions in the most effective way.

Further information
Slides and videos of the presentations are available on the webinar page – https://www.5g-eve.eu/event/final-5g-eve-webinar-validation-platform-achievements-and-multi-site-use-case-deployment/

Presentation of the 5G EVE multi-site gaming use case by Luis Contreras from Telefonica


5G EVE experiment work flow for vertical multi-site use cases, presented by Jaime Garcia-Reinoso, University Carlos III de Madrid


Demonstration of the 5G EVE multi-site gaming use by Javier Serrano from UPM


Demo of the 5G EVE performance diagnosis for vertical use cases by Yannis Chondroulis from Wings ICT

Absence makes the team forget

Challenges of home working

David Kennedy
Eurescom

We have been in various stages of lockdown for over a year now and it has fundamentally changed the way we interact for both work and social interactions. Many praise this as a liberalisation of the work-life balance, but I’m not so sure. I believe that we may be losing something of great value that cannot easily be replaced by an audio conference.

The benefits of home working

When we discuss the benefits of home working, we seem to always assemble a list of personal points that appear to favour the individuals’ perspective. These generally include: time management flexibility; no office interruptions/distractions; ability to self-organise the home office; better environment for conference calls; no commuting, and more time with family.

Inherent in these is the permission we give ourselves to intersperse the work with many home actions: do the laundry, walk the dog, get the shopping while everyone else is at work. Now I am not saying these are bad things, but it actually dilutes the home – work boundary in a way which may actually be counterproductive.

Then you find that people start to use personal issues as the reason they should work from home – I am expecting a delivery, I have to keep an eye on my mother, etc., – and while this in itself should not affect productivity, the logic that we don’t go to the office because we have a lot of personal things to organise is threatening to the focus our work should have for the equivalent of a working day.

The challenges of home working

The biggest challenge of home working is ensuring the work gets appropriate focus in the life vs. work balance discussion. Home is by nature designed about our own comfort, entertainment and enjoyment. We have fitted our homes out to give us the life comforts we want and to support all out personal interests. This means the challenges we face when working from home are: time management; home interruptions/distractions; increased risks of misunderstandings due to the limitations of emails; long response times between colleagues due to individual schedules; boredom, taking naps, too much tv/music in the background; and less time with colleagues.

Some of the advantages are the biggest challenges as well. The most damaging aspect is that we are much more restricted in our expressions when using emails, messages and video links than when we meet person to person.

The top issue home-office workers find problems with is “disconnecting” from work. Without the clear-cut change of location and defined office hours, many people have difficulties clearly dividing their personal and professional time. Our use of the one platform, e.g., emails for both work and private communications means that our social connections keep popping up while we are working.


© AdobeStock

The office perspective

From the perspective of the relationship between the individual and the company certain vital concerns arise. The absence of regular person-to-person communication can be a challenge for some people. The biggest issue is to do with the value assessment of the contributions the individuals are making in their absence from the office. This is reflected in the concern of many home workers that their professional efforts wouldn’t be fully appreciated as they were not in the office and their colleagues wouldn’t automatically see what they are doing.

If we try to list the concerns from the company perspective, we can see that many of the intangible aspects of the beneficial work environment are challenged: keeping the team spirit; maintaining the company culture; understanding and sharing the company policies; team members underworking or overworking in the home environment; and team members feeling lonely or left out.

And this can be compounded by the difficulty of having tough talks about performance or participation issues over the video link. It is much more intimidating to try and bring up difficult personnel issues over the phone than by speaking directly to each other.

A simple example of the challenge we face today is the question if it is acceptable that audio conferences are interrupted by children running in or by the dog attacking the postman. I’ve just been in an international conference where the speaker was interrupted by his very young daughter and, while it was not anything to complain about, it did distract him from his presentation to several hundred people. How should we view this – acceptable in the new world or unprofessional?

Conclusion

I have to be honest here and admit that I have not used the home-office option myself, as I need the physical delineation between the home and the office to put me in the right mindset for work. Yes, I do answer emails in the evening and other things, but then I know that I am not at work and can keep it in context.

The biggest challenge I feel is the loss of the casual team interactions over coffee. I have always managed to get a lot of updates, give help on immediate issues and generally get a feel for how my colleagues were managing the work and the, hopefully short-term, overloads. Home working occasionally does not damage this, but prolonged absence due to the COVID situation has precipitated means that you have learned to do without this dialogue – and that is not good for anyone.

The Eureka Clusters Programme

A New Era of Joint Thematic Calls

Jari Lehmusvuori
Nokia, CELTIC-NEXT Vice-Chair

Many steps have been taken and many milestones reached in 2021 both in CELTIC-NEXT and jointly with the other Eureka Clusters. We are experiencing an inspiring time of both facilitating the well-known industry innovation projects, as well as planning the new Eureka Clusters Programme (ECP) jointly with the other innovation Clusters in Eureka. With the launch of the ECP in the 2nd half of 2021 a new era with both the bottom-up Calls and thematic Calls will be available as opportunities for the innovations on the next generation communications in the CELTIC-NEXT community. Therefore, it is worthwhile here to summarize the baselines as an early introduction.

The traditional CELTIC bottom-up calls in spring and autumn are not affected by the additional ECP processes. The Joint Thematic Calls under the ECP’s Multi-Annual Programme (MAP) are additional commitments from both Public Authorities and Clusters to work together on common and cross-Cluster topics. The current CELTIC-NEXT projects are performing well, and as a highlight, the new CELTIC-NEXT Flagship project AI-NET is now also up and running.

Thematic joint project calls by Eureka Clusters Programme

The planning and organization of the Eureka Clusters Programme (ECP) started in October 2020. It has continued under the lead of Eu­reka and with a strong contribution by the CELTIC Office. While not yet approved, the first call for projects may be introduced in late 2021 with a closing date in spring 2022. The ECP Calls follow the concept of joint calls of mul­tiple Clusters, which enables widening the scope and competences available to a project. Each of the Calls have a theme agreed between the industry and the funding Public ­Authorities of the countries. The ECP provides project opportunities to both large companies and small and medium-sized companies, and the public authorities funding according to their national policies. Each of the supporting countries assign an indicative and viable budget outlook for a thematic Call which, among the other new features, will provide improved predictability on funding. In addition, the schedule of funding decisions from idea to start is the goal. All these main features of the thematic joint calls of ECP make them a new innovations project instrument to the CELTIC-NEXT industry community, which is complementary to the single-Cluster bottom-up calls.

CELTIC-NEXT in the ECP

The Multi Annual Plan (MAP) sets out the commitments of the public authorities and the Eureka Clusters. They jointly determine which RDI communities can be integrated in the MAP as Eureka Clusters, what the expected funding level will be, and what potential thematic areas for collaboration are. Each RDI community wishing to join the ECP applies for a period of 4 years to operate as a EUREKA Cluster. CELTIC-NEXT as such a community has submitted the application to Eureka as of 1st July 2021. Being a part of this ECP MAP approval process it has enabled us to update our CELTIC-NEXT Roadmap together with the MAP. As a Eureka Cluster the communications industry community of CELTIC-NEXT will have the opportunity for the future thematic joint calls that set out the challenges of sustainability and autonomous mobility as examples. The themes and a description of the calls to be launched in the coming year, including the budget commitments of the participating Eureka countries are given on the Annual Operational Plan of ECP.

Eureka Clusters AI Call 2021

As a preliminary step towards the joint calls, the Eureka Clusters AI Call 2021, to which CELTIC-NEXT substantially contributed, was organised with a submission deadline of 28 June 2021. This is an opportunity for the companies in the communications area to set up cross-innovation projects with a large network of organizations in the area of Artificial Intelligence with flexibility in the topics.

CELTIC-NEXT Autumn 2021 Call

CELTIC-NEXT is continuing as the communications and applications Cluster in Eureka. The Celtic Autumn Call 2021 will be launched with the submission date in November 2021. It is a bottom-up Call with flexibility in the scope for the projects. Proposals for new innovations projects are welcomed. A brokerage event is foreseen for pitching of project ideas and partnering.

CELTIC-NEXT Flagship project AI-NET

The new industry-led CELTIC-NEXT Flagship project AI-NET (Accelerating Digital Transformation in Europe by Intelligent NETwork Automation) started in mid-2020. It is targeting automated resilient networks for economy and society. The project brings together partners from seven European countries and three fields of technology: Communications Networks and Technologies for 5G and Beyond, Near-Use Data Centers, and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Novel solutions for network automation are expected in the forthcoming two years.

Change in the CELTIC-NEXT ­Management Team

Xavier Priem has started as the new CELTIC ­Office Director. He has a strong track-record, both in innovation management and business development, thus providing an excellent background for industry innovations. Please join me in welcoming Xavier to the lead in the times of new challenges. He took over from Peter Herrmann, who retired in spring after having dedicated 15 years to CELTIC. As the CELTIC Office Director since 2014 he relentlessly drove the Cluster for the benefit of the European telecommunications industry innovations. Please join me in thanking Peter.

Security threats and strategies for 5G and Beyond

The changing threat landscape has impacts on security and trust of current and future networks in Europe and worldwide. Eurescom message editor-in-chief Milon Gupta asked three cybersecurity experts from ENISA, the EU Agency for Cybersecurity, about the status, trends and strategies to deal with security threats: Goran Milenkovic is cybersecurity expert in the Policy Development and Implementation unit of ENISA, and he is primarily responsible for the telecom sector and for 5G security; Marnix Dekker leads the work of the Agency in the area of telecom security, cybersecurity breach reporting, and the security of cloud and digital infrastructure under the NIS Directive; and Apostolos Malatras, is Team Leader of ENISA’s Knowledge and Information Team, in charge of the cybersecurity of emerging technologies, threat landscapes and foresight.

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Military use of 5G

Military experts foresee that 5G will play an important role in future military operations, and 5G is today a hot topic in NATO. Ubiquitous connectivity, high bandwidth and low latency opens for many new use cases and military organizations all around the world are today experimenting with 5G and plan to use public 5G networks providing good coverage in combination with military-operated private 5G networks.

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